Semnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Quantum Hydrodynamic Study of Electron Electrostatic Waves in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes2652711056710.22075/ppam.2026.39657.1185ENDavoodMohammadiDepartment of Physics, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IranMahmoudJafariDepartment of Physics, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IranAlirezaMohaghegh HazratiDepartment of Physics, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IranHamzeMousaviDepartment of Physics, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20251123This study presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation of electron electrostatic (plasmon) wave propagation in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using an advanced quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) framework. We develop a sophisticated model that rigorously incorporates essential quantum mechanical effects, including the Bohm potential (accounting for electron tunneling phenomena) and Fermi pressure (arising from electron degeneracy). Through systematic linearization of the QHD equations coupled with Poisson’s equation, we derive a generalized dispersion relation that accurately describes plasmon behavior across different wavelength regimes. Our analysis reveals the existence of highly tunable plasmon resonances in SWCNTs, with frequencies spanning from the terahertz to the near-infrared range; this broad tunability makes them potentially relevant for optoelectronic and plasmonic applications. The plasmonic characteristics exhibit exquisite sensitivity to fundamental parameters such as nanotube radius, electron density, doping levels, and the surrounding dielectric environment. Notably, we identify a critical transition wavevector (𝑘𝑐≈0.1 /nm) where quantum effects become dominant, fundamentally altering the plasmon dispersion. The theoretical predictions show good consistency with experimentally reported plasmon energies and propagation lengths. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of damping mechanisms and propagation characteristics, estimating room-temperature propagation lengths of approximately 100 nm, with significant enhancement at cryogenic temperatures. This work establishes a robust theoretical foundation for understanding and engineering quantum plasmonic excitations in low-dimensional carbon-based materials, with substantial implications for next-generation nano-optoelectronic devices, quantum sensors, and advanced photonic systems.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10567_9ff46332caf56eadddb62ed936b9f220.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Ginger-Extract–Modified ZnO Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications2732841058610.22075/ppam.2026.40113.1194ENAhmed HusseinAliDepartment of Medical Physics, College of Applied Science, University of Fallujah, 31002 IraqAhlamIsmael Al-ObaidICollege of Pharmacy, University of Mashreq, Baghdad, IraqAhmedAL-JumailiDepartment of Medical Physics, College of Applied Science, University of Fallujah, 31002 IraqElectronics Materials Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD, 4811 AustraliaJournal Article20251220This study confirmed the green formation of zinc oxide nanoscale particles (ZnO‑NPs) via the extract of ginger rhizome as a sustainable and effective stabilizing agent. Surface modification by ginger-derived phytochemicals resulted in a distinct red shift in optical absorption and a narrowing of the bandgap, indicating successful electronic tuning of the material. In comparison to pure ZnO-NPs, the ginger-mediated approach produces much smaller crystallites and a more uniform particle dispersion, according to structural and morphological characterizations. The biological performance of the nanoparticles was directly improved by these physicochemical changes; the modified GE-ZnO-NPs demonstrated greater antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. This work presents a sustainable method for creating bio-active nanomaterials with improved performance for antimicrobial functions by emphasizing the cooperative role of phytochemical functionalization in fine-tuning particle size and surface chemistry.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10586_2c6a771bf235f84ce1ebaf046a2508d6.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Impact of Thickness and Doping Concentration on Heterojunction InP/Si-Based Solar Cell Performance: Insights from PC1D and Wafer Ray Tracer Simulations2852911058710.22075/ppam.2026.40162.1197ENNur Ain SyazliinMohamed AzmanSchool of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, MalaysiaMohd ZakiMohd YusoffInstitute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, MalaysiaMadhiyahYahaya BermakaiInstitute of Sciences (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia0000-0003-1916-6505Rosalio G.Artes Jr.Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, 02600 Arau, MalaysiaJeffrey ImerC. SalimMindanao State University Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, PhilippinesJournal Article20251224The study aimed to investigate how different doping concentrations and n-region layer thicknesses affected the efficiency of InP/p-Si solar cells. The n- and p-regions were represented by indium phosphide (InP) and silicon (Si), respectively, with band gaps of 1.35 eV and 1.124 eV. To optimize the efficiency and performance of InP/p-Si solar cells, the study systematically varied the doping concentrations over six orders of magnitude, ranging from 1×10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> to 1×10<sup>17</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, and adjusted the thickness of the n-region layer from 5μm to 30 μm. Reflection, absorption, and transmission characteristics of heterojunction InP/Si layers in the wavelength region of 300-1200 nm were also modelled by wafer ray tracer software. At 450-700 nm wavelength, 50 nm InP sample exhibited minimum reflection compared to all other samples. Trends showed that the absorption decreased with increasing thickness of InP layer between 300 and 920 nm. The data obtained from the absorption measurement at different thicknesses was in agreement with the data obtained from the result of impact of different n-region thickness of InP/p-Si solar cells, where the reduction in InP layer thickness resulted in the increase of absorption, which in turn increased the current due to the higher absorption of photons and the generation of excess electron carriers.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10587_950e96d118e30aef0c89b7721fe07ab7.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Numerical Analysis of Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibers Using Paraxial Wave Equations2933031060910.22075/ppam.2026.40741.1211ENZaman HameedKareemCenter For Research On Environment and Renewable Energy, University of Kerbala 56001 Karbala, Iraq.Journal Article20260226The study presented here presents a numerical analysis of Gaussian beam propagation in a square‑law inhomogeneous refractive‑index medium using the paraxial wave equation (PWE) and the split-step Fourier beam propagation method. In contrast to earlier studies, which have mostly relied on analytical approximations, the present work offers a computationally efficient framework for studying beam modulation in multimode graded-index optical fibers with varying initial conditions. Simulations were performed using a beam wavelength of 0.633 µm, with a core refractive index of n₁ = 1.5 and a cladding parameter of n₂ = 0.01. The width of the fundamental mode was calculated to be 1.419 mm and the modulation period was 47.123 m. The results of the study show that when the initial beam waist (ω₀) is smaller than the fundamental mode size (e.g. ω₀ = 1 mm), the beam initially defocuses before focusing. Similarly, when ω₀ is larger than the fundamental mode size (2 mm and 3 mm), the beam focuses before defocusing. The effects of refractive‑index variations in the core (n₁) and cladding (n₂) on diffraction patterns are evaluated and compared. The proposed PWE‑based model improves memory efficiency by about 60% compared with the FDTD method while maintaining reasonable accuracy for weakly guiding fiber systems. The results of this study provide practical design guidelines and optimization insights for optical fiber communication systems and medical instrumentation applications.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10609_565a9761f376101733ac474ea7554f11.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Study of the Structural, Morphological, and Electrical Properties of Pyrrole/Activated Carbon Derived from Rice Husk on Cotton Fabric3053131065710.22075/ppam.2026.40057.1192ENManashJyoti DasSchool of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaMohd ZakiMohd YusoffSchool of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaSurayaAhmad KamilSchool of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaAliH. JawadAdvanced Biomaterials and Carbon Development (ABCD) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaEnvironmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, IraqUNESCO RCQE Chair in Emerging Renewable & Sustainable Energy Technologies, Sohar University, PO Box 44, PCI 311, Sohar – OmanMuhammad SyarifuddinYahyaEnergy Storage Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, MalaysiaSyahril AminHashimMaterial Characterisation Lab, Centralised Lab Management Centre, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.Journal Article20251215In this work, activated carbon (AC) and pyrrole were successfully deposited onto cotton fabric using simple dip and dry methods. First, the fabric was bleached. Next, a mixture of AC derived from rice husk, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binding agent, and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) as a surfactant was prepared. This mixture was applied to the fabric using a brush. After that, the AC treated fabric was submerged in a pyrrole solution of the desired molarity, followed by immersion in a ferric chloride (FeCl₃) solution for 2 h. Four samples were prepared, and structural, morphological, and electrical characterisation was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Electrical characterisation was conducted using a four point probe method at room temperature for 2 min on 1 × 1 cm² samples. Among all the samples, PPy/AC/cotton fabric (2) exhibited the highest conductivity of 5.5 S/cm. The study also demonstrated that increasing the molarity of pyrrole and FeCl₃ initially enhanced the conductivity. However, when the molarities were increased to 0.3 M pyrrole and 0.6 M FeCl₃, as well as 0.4 M pyrrole and 0.8 M FeCl₃, the conductivity decreased, and the fabric became stiffer and more rigid.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10657_eff78b1dcdd66a563616e3cdb08dcb8f.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Physical, Electro-Optical, and Spectroscopic Properties of I52 Liquid Crystal: A Computational Study3153301066010.22075/ppam.2026.39618.1184ENTikaram,Department of physics, School of applied and life sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India-2480070000-0002-8913-0527RavinderKumarDepartment of mathematics, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, IndiaYogeshKumarDepartment of physics, School of applied and life sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India-248007NarinderKumarDepartment of physics, School of applied and life sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India-248007Journal Article20251106We have investigated the intrinsic molecular-level electronic, spectroscopic, and electric-field-dependent properties of 4-Ethyl-2-fluoro-4'-[2-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)-ethyl] biphenyl (which is known as I52) using hybrid functional B3LYP with 6-31G basis set within Density Functional Theory (DFT) method. Dipole moment of I52 increases linearly with external electric field. UV spectra of I52 shows a sharp peak at 258 nm. Raman Spectra reveals C-H bonding (2800-3000cm<sup> -1</sup>) is due to substituted ethyl and pentyl-cyclohexyl groups. FTIR spectra reveals C-H stretching vibrations at 3028 cm<sup>-1</sup> due to alkyl side chains and trans-configuration of the pentyl-cyclohexyl moiety. HOMO-LUMO energy gap is found to be 5.08 eV, which makes I52 suitable for insulating applications. Structurally, I52 has a biphenyl core carrying an ethyl group and a fluorine atom on one phenyl ring and a large trans-4-pentylcyclohexylethyl substituent on the other, which is producing unique molecular anisotropy. The fluorine atom improved the dielectric anisotropy, which also leads to higher electro-optic effect. Hence, I52 continues to be a vital material in the study of fundamental liquid crystal science as well as in the application areas where customized molecular properties and good electro-optical performance are essential.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10660_d13b461847f9e7e22c86d4f3d3f6548e.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201Carbon Ash: From Waste Material to Flexible Paper-Based Pressure Sensor3313411066110.22075/ppam.2026.40653.1209ENDania DhaferHameedCollege of Science, Al-Karkh University for Science, Baghdad, IraqGhaiath AFadhilCollege of Engineering, Al-Karkh University for Science, Baghdad, IraqBurak YahyaKademCollege of Science, Al-Karkh University for Science, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260220Carbon ash waste obtained from an Iraqi factory was converted into poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based composite materials intended for sensor applications. The carbon ash was ground, sieved through a 0.045 mm mesh, suspended in distilled water, and subsequently sonicated for 3 hours. The material was then dried at 100 °C for 15 min. Surface modification was carried out using acetic acid (S1), hydrochloric acid (S2), and sulfuric acid (S3) prior to embedding the modified carbon ash into the PVA matrix to form polymer composites. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands attributed to oxygen‑containing functional groups, which improved the interaction between the polymer and carbon ash, particularly in the S3 sample. Electrical conductivity increased to 15.1 S·cm⁻¹ for S3. Hall effect results indicated an increase in both carrier mobility and carrier concentration in the acid‑treated composites. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the S3 sample had the most pronounced electrochemical response, consistent with its enhanced chemical and electrical properties. Morphological analysis indicated improved filler dispersion in the acid‑treated composites, which exhibited a more uniform microstructure, particularly for S3. The pressure sensors fabricated from these materials demonstrated enhanced electromechanical performance, with S3 achieving the highest sensitivity and good structural stability.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10661_8afdc3631535a83a98542c75469d87a9.pdfSemnan University PressProgress in Physics of Applied Materials2783-47946420261201A Comprehensive Study on the Synthesis, Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Biological Applications of Substituted Piperazine Derivatives3433571067610.22075/ppam.2026.40640.1208ENSahaya Infant LasalleBDepartment of Physics, SSN Research Centre, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam – 603110, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSenthil PandianMuthuDepartment of Physics, SSN Research Centre, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam – 603110, Tamil Nadu, IndiaRamasamyPDepartment of Physics, SSN Research Centre, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam – 603110, Tamil Nadu, IndiaJournal Article20260218Piperazine is an important organic heterocyclic compound featuring a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms positioned opposite each other and four carbon atoms. This moiety is present in numerous widely recognized drugs with diverse therapeutic applications, including antipsychotics, antihistamines, antianginal agents, antidepressants, anticancer agents, antivirals, cardioprotective agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and imaging agents. In addition to members of the thiazole, benzimidazole, and tetrazole families, certain piperazine analogues also exhibit notable pharmacophoric activities. Consequently, many synthesized derivatives exhibit considerable antimicrobial and antifungal properties. This article describes the growth and characterization of piperazine derivative single crystals, which were analyzed using several techniques to evaluate their potential nonlinear optical applications, including structural analysis (single-crystal X ray diffraction), optical studies (UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy), and Z scan measurements (third harmonic generation), as well as their biological activities, such as anthelmintic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimycobacterial activities.https://ppam.semnan.ac.ir/article_10676_73732070ceddfa1af5e0ca498dccb854.pdf